TOWARD A NEW ELECTROMAGNETICS
PART III:  CLARIFYING THE VECTOR CONCEPT

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-- A Scalar is a Zero Vector --

          Now let us look at the idea of a scalar.
          A "scalar" may in a general sense be considered as the sum of the "absolute values" of the individual vector components of a system of vectors whose observable resultant is zero.  That is, it represents the magnitude of the internal stress of a vector system, with the absence of a single observable directionality of the system.  It also follows that every scalar is actually a stressed zero vector, and every zero vector is a scalar.
          Thus we have four major types of scalars related to the four types of vectors:

(a)


(25)


(b)




(26)


(c)




(27)


(d)



(28)


where S stands for scalar, for vector, and subscript s for spatial, m for mass, and c for charged.
           For example, comparing equations (25) and (26), it can easily be seen that twice as many "point-motions" is not at all the same thing as twice as many "gram-mass-motions."  The two resulting vector systems are quite different.

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